initiatives as well as restrictive regulatory policies are
implemented, to break the current trend and bring down
melanoma rates. Based on the findings from a successful
public education campaign called “SunSmart” in Australia,
the country with the highest skin cancer rates, it is estimated
that 230,000 U.S. melanoma cases could be averted between
2020 and 2030 through implementation of nationwide
comprehensive skin cancer prevention programs ( 72, 73).
Recently, the Australian campaign has gone digital with
the introduction of the “SunSmart” app, which is freely
available on Android and Apple devices ( 73). Whether this
effort to personalize and increase access to the message
enhances the impact of the campaign needs to be evaluated,
but if successful, similar initiatives could be implemented
in other countries including the United States.
Reducing indoor tanning also has the potential to reduce
melanoma incidence and mortality, as well as the economic
Infectious Agent Cancer of global cancer cases attributable to infection*
Helicobacter pylori Stomach cancers 32. 5
Infectious Agent Cancer of global cancer cases attributable to infection*
Clonorchis sinensis Biliary, gallbladder, 0.1
and pancreatic cancers
Opisthorchis viverrini Biliary, gallbladder,
and pancreatic cancers
Schistosoma haematobium Bladder cancer 0.3
Infectious Agent Cancer of global cancer cases attributable to infection*
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Hodgkin and certain non-Hodgkin 5. 4
lymphomas, and stomach and
nasopharyngeal cancers
Hepatitis B/C viruses (HBV and HCV) Hepatocellular carcinoma 29. 5
Human herpes virus type- 8 Kaposi sarcoma and 2. 1
(HHV- 8; also known as certain form of lymphoma
Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Human papillomavirus (HPV) Anal, cervical, head and neck, oral, 30
penile, vaginal, and vulvar cancers
Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, T-cell leukemia and lymphoma 0.1
type- 1 (HTLV- 1)
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) Merkel cell carcinoma
where known data from Ref 76
Bacteria
Parasites
Viruses
Cancer-causing Pathogens Table 4
34 AACR CANCER PROGRESS REPORT 2017
Seven U.S. states have no legislation
restricting the use of indoor UV
tanning devices: Alaska, Colorado,
Iowa, Montana, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, and South Dakota.
